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A study carried out by Andrade et al assessed the viability of a two-stage membrane bioreactor−nanofiltration scheme (MBR−NF) for treating dairy wastewater. They assessed quality of the treated water with respect to its potential reuse and overall cost.
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The below-ground installation at Kunming City is an example of one of the largest and most ambitious municipal wastewater MBRs in the world. At an average daily flow capacity of 150,000 m3/d and a peak daily flow of 195,000 m3/d, it is a substantial plant.
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Operational costs in MBRs are marginally higher than those of conventional activated sludge (CAS) as permeating water through a membrane demands energy. For the immersed technologies (iMBRs), the overall specific aeration demand (SAD) is higher.
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In 2015, we asked 'What’s the main issue with MBRs?' This time our question addresses the topic of sludge − most of your responses from the previous three surveys had been based around this topic so we felt it was worthy of further investigation.
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In membrane separation systems, shear is probably the most significant parameter for driving the membrane process. Pressure is important but shear is arguably the property of the system which largely determines the rate of membrane fouling and so the flux.
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In 2012, the Arla milk powder factory in Sweden decided to build their own treatment plant on site as increased production generated larger wastewater volumes which the receiving municipal treatment plant was unable to process.
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In autumn 2015, Pentair brought to market its new ‘Helix’ product, an enhancement to X-Flow tubular membrane technology which features a helically-winding ridge on the inside of the membrane designed to tackle cake build-up and enhance flux.
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Foaming of conventional activated sludge (CAS) is very common. It may happen during start-up due to the presence of surfactants, with insufficient biomass to degrade them during the early stages. However, this is normally a short-term issue.
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When selecting a screen for your MBR design (Part 2), things to consider include: the screenings capture ratio (SCR), screen apertures, screening flow velocity, ancillary processes and coarse suspended solids, and screen maintenance.
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Screening upstream of a membrane bioreactor remains a key concern for MBR practitioners. Screening protects the membrane from mechanical damage from sharp or abrasive particles and from clogging from hair and matted cotton fibre.
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Operational experience at La Center WWTP in Washington, USA indicates that the cost of MBR technology may be lower than that of a conventional biological treatment process, despite the higher energy demand.
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Municipal wastewater usually contains total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the range 4−12 mg/L. A conventional activated sludge process (CAS) can take this to 2−4 mg/L, or 0.5−1 mg/L if an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (BPR) process is used.
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